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We have investigated the importance of the stratosphere–troposphere linkage on the seasonal predictability of the North Atlantic Oscillation in a pilot study using a high horizontal resolution atmospheric general circulation model, and covering the 14 winters from 1979/1980 to 1992/1993. We made an ensemble of simulations with the Meteo-France “Arpege Climat” model (V3.0) with a well-resolved stratosphere,...