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This paper presents a detailed study of the phase-locking phenomenon in single-loop optoelectronic microwave oscillators considering strong radio frequency (RF) signal injection. The analyses are made in terms of the lock-range, beat frequency and the spectral components of the unlocked-driven oscillator in presence of amplitude perturbation. An approximate expression for the amplitude perturbation...
In this paper, we analyze the relative stability of dither OPLL (optical phase-lock loop) in terms of phase margin (PM) considering loop delay into account. PM of modified first-order and second-order dither OPLL are calculated as a function of loop delay, damping factor and other parameters of the loop. A comparison between the stability of modified first-order and second-order dither OPLL is made,...
In this paper, we analyze the injection-locking phenomenon in an optoelectronic oscillator (OEO) considering negligible amplitude modulation of the injection signal. We deduce the mathematical expressions of the amplitude and phase variations in the OEO. The equations for the lock range after locking and beat-frequency are presented using quasi-linear approximation. Also, the spectrum components of...
Pulsed Electromagnetic Field is used to stimulate the human nervous system for several therapeutic purposes like pain relief and bone healing. These electrical stimulations are directly applied on the body through the cutaneous layer. Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) pain relief, a variant of PEMF is very popular in healthcare institutions all over the world. However, with growing...
The effect of loop delay on the relative stability of first- and second-order optical phase-lock loop (OPLL) is analyzed. The gain margin and phase margin for OPLL with modified first-order loop filter and active low-pass loop filter are demonstrated considering all the parameters affecting the loop stability. The tracking performance of OPLL in terms of phase-error variance is highlighted considering...
A homodyne optical communication system using incomplete phase modulated PSK signal is considered. The phase-error variance of the system critically depends on the phase deviation parameter between the two transmitted bits. Also, optical phase-locked loop (OPLL) has finite loop-delay. All these venomous effects put constraints on the performance of a conventional OPLL based PSK receiver. A modified...
In this paper, a T.E.N.S. (Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation) pain relief unit is designed and fabricated. A low-frequency pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) of spike signals applied to ruptured bone, damaged soft tissues, pain and cancerous tumors have considerable healing effects. The effectiveness of PEMF for curing of pain and osteoarthritis is the focus of this article. Precise low...
A low-frequency pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) of spike signals applied to ruptured bone, damaged soft tissues, pain and cancerous tumors have significant therapeutic values. The efficacy of PEMF for healing of pain, swelling, fracture, injured cartilage, soft tissues and osteoarthritis is the focus of this article. This review is on the basis of the therapeutic benefits of PEMF therapy. Precise...
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