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Primate motor cortex projects to spinal interneurons and motoneurons, suggesting that motor cortex activity may be dominated by muscle-like commands. Observations during reaching lend support to this view, but evidence remains ambiguous and much debated. To provide a different perspective, we employed a novel behavioral paradigm that facilitates comparison between time-evolving neural and muscle activity...
Blocking motor cortical output with lesions or pharmacological inactivation has identified movements that require motor cortex. Yet, when and how motor cortex influences muscle activity during movement execution remains unresolved. We addressed this ambiguity using measurement and perturbation of motor cortical activity together with electromyography in mice during two forelimb movements that differ...
At an early stage of embryonic development, the animal body divides itself into the three germ layers – the ectoderm, mesoderm and entoderm. It is proposed that this division repeats a fundamental functional differentiation of cells in phylogeny. The tasks of life have been divided into three groups, each germ layer specializing in one of them. The task of the entoderm is metabolism and homeostasis,...
Excessive milk consumption may adversely affect the circulation on account of the high calcium content of milk and because lactose promotes the intestinal absorption of calcium. Excessive calcium intake may cause calcification and rigidification of the large elastic arteries, which could be an important factor in causing myocardial ischaemia.The calcium hypothesis can throw light on some puzzling...
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