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Heme-copper oxidases (HCOs) are terminal electron acceptors in aerobic respiration. They catalyze the reduction of molecular oxygen to water with concurrent pumping of protons across the mitochondrial and bacterial membranes. Protons required for oxygen reduction chemistry and pumping are transferred through proton uptake channels. Recently, the crystal structure of the first C-type member of the...
Cellular respiration is driven by cytochrome c oxidase (CcO), which reduces oxygen to water and couples the released energy to proton pumping across the mitochondrial or bacterial membrane. Proton pumping in CcO involves proton transfer from the negatively charged side of the membrane to a transient proton-loading or pump site (PLS), before it is ejected to the opposite side. Although many details...
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