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Cigarette smoke contains ethylating agents which damage DNA producing ethylated DNA adducts, such as N 3 -ethyladenine (3-EtAde), N 7 -ethylguanine (7-EtGua), and regioisomers of ethylthymine. Among them, 3-EtAde and 7-EtGua are present in human urine and their levels are higher in smokers than in nonsmokers. The amount of ethylated DNA adducts in tissue DNA represents the steady-state...
Endogenous formation of the promutagenic DNA adducts 1,N 6 -ethenoadenine (ɛAde) and 3,N 4 -ethenocytosine (ɛCyt) has been considered as biomarkers originated from lipid peroxidation. Elevated levels of ɛAde and ɛCyt were observed in cancer-prone tissues, suggesting the validity of these adducts in cancer risk assessment. The presence of DNA base adducts in biological fluids is considered...
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