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Increasing environmental threats to agricultural production and the stability of ecosystems have been observed on the Polish lowlands since the 1970s. Several hundred million trees and shrubs have been planted on farmland, mostly along roads and with the involvement of public agencies, with a view to timber being produced, and soil erosion and the water deficit mitigated. On the basis of over 50 years...
Farmland afforestations (FAs), i. e. groups of trees and shrubs scattered in agricultural landscape, were for long considered mostly as supplementary timber resource and wind mitigation tool. The contemporary shift to other, environment- and social-related functions of FAs is discussed in the paper and example guidelines for the establishment of new FAs proposed. The concept of “farmland afforestations’...
The author's aim was to present the relations between the European Union and sub-Saharan Africa at the turn of the 21st century.The EU's international activities towards sub-Saharan Africa are driven by underlying political and economic interest, common to member states of the EU, which are often parallel to the colonial past of many of those countries. These activities confirm the role of integrated...
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