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The rat is probably the most-studied species both in behavioral neuroscience in general as well as in studies of brain plasticity. A discussion of the organization and plasticity of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of rodents is therefore germane to the general topic of the current volume. Nonetheless, controversy remains over the question of whether the frontal regions of the rodent can legitimately be...
Working memory is conceptually different from short-term memory and likely relies on different neurobiological substrates. Working memory may be defined as the capacity to use mnemonic information to plan and organize forthcoming action. These processes rely on the prefrontal cortex (PFC), and neurons in this region appear to encode mnemonic information and forthcoming responses based on memory. The...
The prefrontal cortex has been implicated in executive functions, and it can become dysfunctional in psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. Prefrontal pyramidal neurons exhibit dynamic membrane potential activity in vivo, which depends on local microcircuits and synaptic inputs from other brain structures and may define neural ensembles encoding information. Mesocortical dopamine modulates these...
In rat prelimbic (prefrontal) slices, layer I–II to layer V pyramidal neuron glutamatergic synapses show long-term depression (LTD) and potentiation (LTP) of synaptic strength. First, LTD is induced by high-frequency synaptic stimuli (100 pulses at 50 Hz, 4 times) in the presence of dopamine. Our analyses show that the synaptic responses and postsynaptic depolarization during high-frequency stimuli...
Specific patterns of stimulation applied in the ventral hippocampus produce long-term potentiation (LTP) or long-term depression of stimulated synapses in the prefrontal cortex (PFC, or prelimbic area) in vivo, and these different forms of plasticity are reversible. LTP induction is dependent on NMDA receptors and the activation of the cAMP-dependent kinase, PKA. The mesocortical dopamine input is...
One of the fundamental roles of the prefrontal cortex is to inhibit inappropriate responses, as indicated by studies showing that lesions of this structure can result in perseverative behaviors. However, analyses of the involvement of prefrontal neurons in inhibition of conditioned fear responses, during extinction, have led to contradictory observations. Recent electrophysiological studies suggest...
Although the mechanism responsible for cognitive deficits or a depressive state in stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders has not been fully elucidated, dopaminergic or serotonergic dysfunction in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is thought to be involved. In rats, the mesoprefrontal dopaminergic system, in particular, is activated in response to acute stress, whereas chronic stress reduces dopaminergic...
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is important for cognitive flexibility - the PFC appears to be involved whenever a novel strategy has to be adopted or a switch from an old to a new strategy is needed. A serial reversal (Acquisition-Reversal-Extinction) task was used to study when and how the rat PFC is involved in various phases of this task. Each phase requires switching of behavioral strategies. Experimental...
Working memory is a mechanism for short-term active storage of information and for processing stored information. Working memory is an important concept to understand prefrontal cortical functions. Although evidences for temporary storage mechanisms of information have been accumulated, little is known about neuronal mechanisms for processing information. To understand how information is processed...
The behavioral evidence for dopaminergic modulation of prefrontal cognitive functioning is reviewed. The experimental studies in rats, monkeys, and humans that highlight the inverted U-shaped relationship between dopamine and cognition are described and discussed in relation to theories of motivation and arousal. It is suggested that the disruptive effects of L-DOPA on reversal learning and decision...
This chapter discusses a framework for the understanding of perception and action regulation in the presence of behaviorally relevant information. The role of large-scale prefrontal cortex (PFC) networks in dynamic and variable neuronal architecture underlying this particular function is highlighted. Evidence is presented supporting the view that macroscopic (neural mass) oscillations are crucial...
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) can noninvasively and focally stimulate the cerebral cortex, inducing a transient and safe interruption of brain function. Although its detailed mechanisms of action still need to be fully elucidated, it has been successfully applied to investigate encoding and retrieval phases during episodic long-term memory tasks, both in the visuospatial and...
Working memory is the set of cognitive operations that maintains and processes information “on-line”. It has been characterized both as a mental workspace (Baddeley, 1986) and as a set of operations that allow the efficient allocation of cognitive resources (Carpenter et al., 1990, 1999). Working memory typically is thought to be of limited capacity, between 4–7 items (Miller, 1956; Cowan, 2000),...
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